The Influence of Individual Factors on Depression in Online Users

1. An individual's agency and decision-making

According to Primack et al. (2020), younger individuals who actively participate in social networking websites and deliberately make choices regarding their online behavior are at a greater likelihood of developing depression. This is because they are more susceptible to comparing themselves to others, experiencing FOMO (fear of missing out), and feeling pressured to present a perfect image of themselves online. On the other hand, Ransford et al. (2019) posit that young people who exercise agency by setting boundaries, limiting their time on social media, and focusing on healthy interactions are able to prevent or reduce the risk of depression.

2. Personality

One’s personality dictates every aspect of their life, from their likes and dislikes to how they interact with others both online and offline. Researchers have found personality traits to impact the risk of depression when one is exposed to social media platforms. For instance, recently, Schmitt and Branscombe (2019) found low self-esteem and high levels of anxiety to increase the risk of depression for adolescent social media users. They are more likely to internalize negative feedback, compare themselves unfavorably to others, and feel inadequate. Rather, strong support systems and high self-esteem are associated with positive outcomes among social media users. Wilson and Gilman, 2019). They use it as a platform for self-expression, connecting with others, and seeking support during difficult times.

3. Behaviors and experiences

Behaviors and experiences also contribute to the varying effects of social media on depression. According to Best et al. (2019), individuals who excessively spend extended periods of time browsing through feeds or relentlessly looking for validation via comments and likes are more susceptible to depression. This behavior leads to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and low self-worth. On the other hand, those who use social media sites in an appropriate manner, participate in constructive interactions, and engage in a variety of in-person activities encounter fewer adverse effects on their mental well-being (Twenge et al., 2018).

4. Social environment

The risk of depression varies across individuals depending on their social environment and the kinds of people they interact with. Incidences of cyberbullying, harmful content, and online harassment significantly impact an individual's mental well-being. Alternatively, positive social support, meaningful connections, and engaging in pro-social behaviors on social media protect against depression (Seidman and Sim, 2020). The presence of a supportive online community and close relationships can provide emotional support and a sense of belonging.